Regeneration by natural layering of heather (Calluna vulgaris): frequency and characteristics in upland Britain.

Published online
24 Mar 1995
Content type
Journal article
Journal title
Journal of Applied Ecology
DOI
10.2307/2404418

Author(s)
MacDonald, A. J. & Kirkpatrick, A. H. & Hester, A. J. & Sydes, C.

Publication language
English
Location
UK

Abstract

Calluna vulgaris can regenerate by layering (adventitious rooting) of stems. The frequency of layering systems, and strength of adventitious rooting, was surveyed in 11 stands (of 0.5-2 ha each) at eight sites dispersed over the drier, eastern half of the northern British uplands at altitudes of 300-400 m. Associated topographic, stem and stand structure characteristics were recorded together with the composition of the litter and moss layer surrounding the stems. Some adventitious roots were observed in over 50% of stems in all stands, and in 90% of stems in six stands. Strongly developed adventitious root systems were present on more than 30% of stems in seven of the stands. Stem prostrateness and deeper humus-rich or peaty soil horizons were consistently associated with layering. Layering was associated with the absence or low abundance of the mosses Hypnum cupressiforme/jutlandicum and lichens (mainly Cladonia spp.). There was weak evidence that it may have been associated with the presence of Sphagnum spp., Leucobryum glaucum and pleurocarpous mosses other than Hypnum. More layering was observed in stands of younger mean age. Stands with strongly developed layering were more sheltered. Strongly developed layering was associated with increased stem and canopy vigour distal to the point of rooting, and in some cases atrophy of the remaining part of the stem. This may lead to the in-filling of canopy gaps and to a reduction in the occurrence of conditions suitable for further layering. Continuity of layering and stability of C vulgaris cover is likely to require discontinuous C. vulgaris cover. It is suggested that the importance of layering has been underestimated in previous studies of C. vulgaris dynamics which have focused mainly on stands burnt on regular, comparatively short rotations. This gap in understanding has management implications, particularly in upland Britain. Extensive areas of C. vulgaris heathland in upland Britain are burnt infrequently, although the accepted ideal among moor managers is to burn regularly on 10-15 year rotations. This management practice is questioned.

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