Formulating a general statistical model for Betula spp. invasion of lowland heath ecosystems.

Published online
04 Jan 2006
Content type
Journal article
Journal title
Journal of Applied Ecology
DOI
10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01088.x

Author(s)
Manning, P. & Putwain, P. D. & Webb, N. R.
Contact email(s)
p.manning@imperial.ac.uk

Publication language
English
Location
UK

Abstract

Numerous studies describe thresholds at which transitions between alternate ecosystem states occur but few quantitatively delimit these conditions and present them in simple frameworks that are of use in ecosystem management. Previous research on heathland ecosystems has provided a site-specific statistical model that describes the determinants of the threshold point in heath-scrub vegetation transition, but the wider applicability, and thus utility, of this model was unknown. Multi-site experimental manipulations were conducted in 3 heathland regions with distinct patterns of Betula invasion and phosphorus (P) sorption capacity (PSC) to assess whether a consistent set of factors limited the recruitment of Betula species into heathland vegetation. The regions were: (i) Dorset, a region with a slow rate of Betula invasion and low soil PSC (∼70 µg P/g), (ii) New Forest, where soil PSC is high (∼1500 µg P/g) but Betula invasion is minimal, a probable result of continuous long-term grazing by free-ranging animals, and (iii) Surrey, where Betula invasion is a severe problem but soil PSC is intermediate to the other regions (∼700 µg P/g). Data were pooled and used to fit a single general statistical model. The applicability of this model to a wider range of environments was tested using two independent data sets. The identity of the factors controlling Betula colonization, which include Betula seed bank density, P availability and disturbance effects, were broadly similar between sites, but the strength of their effect varied widely. The general model (explained deviance 59.8%) described Betula seedling densities as a function of biomass and necromass density, vegetation height, Betula seed bank density, P availability and soil water content. These relationships were complex, with numerous interaction and polynomial terms. Although the model was derived from data from a single community type it was reasonably accurate in the prediction of seedling densities over a wider range of heath conditions. However, data capable of validating predictions of high seedling densities were not available. Synthesis and applications. The apparent success of the general statistical model suggests that an approach incorporating multi-site experiments and statistical modelling can facilitate our understanding of ecosystem state transitions and inform the management of invasive species. By describing Betula invasion as a function of variables that are simple, general descriptions of the environment, the model can potentially inform management in a wide range of conditions. The results suggest that heaths close to seed sources and in the degenerate state of the dwarf shrub cycle are the most vulnerable to invasion, and management should target such sites as a priority. At regional scales, these conditions are probably most common in high soil P sorption capacity areas, where management should be prioritized.

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