Sustainability is a doughnut, but a complex one!
Abstract
A statistical model was developed to investigate relationships among and between the planetary boundaries and social foundations of the sustainability 'doughnut' model. Over 35 direct and indirect, positive and negative, influences of varying magnitude among seven boundaries (biodiversity loss, climate change, ocean acidification, land use, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles, atmospheric aerosol loading and freshwater use) and eleven foundations (energy, income, health, education, food, water, gender equality, resilience, jobs, voice and social equity).