Soil ammonium accumulation after sod cutting hampers the restoration of degraded wet heathlands.
Abstract
Restoration of formerly species-rich wet heaths and matgrass swards has not always been successful. The constraints on this restoration process are not yet fully understood and need further investigation, particularly the accumulation of ammonium in the soil after sod cutting, i.e. the removal of the vegetation and topsoil layer. This accumulation is known from sod cutting experiments in dry heaths, but had not previously been studied in wet heaths and matgrass ecosystems. In 2000, sods were cut from two degraded Dutch wet heaths. Soil chemistry and germination in the sod-cut plots were measured at irregular intervals between April 2000 and August 2001. To test the influence of ammonium on germination and survival, a glasshouse dose-response experiment was conducted with two endangered wet heath plant species. In both wet heaths, an accumulation of KCl-extractable ammonium up to 600 µmol kg-1 dry soil was found in the upper 10 cm of the soil within the first year after sod cutting. These high ammonium concentrations lasted for about 10 months. Germination was very low in the sod-cut plots in 2000 and 2001, and few target species were found, although they were present in the vicinity. The dose-response experiment indicated a significant, negative correlation of both germination and survival with increasing ammonium addition for both plant species. Mean soil ammonium concentrations of the control, 100 and 250 µM ammonium treatments were significantly lower than those of the 500 and 1000 µM ammonium treatments (47, 45, 70, 144 and 252 µmol kg-1 dry soil, respectively). Maximum concentrations of KCl-extractable ammonium in the field corresponded to water-extractable concentrations that were higher than those found to be limiting germination and growth in the glasshouse experiments. The low germination in the field is likely to have been adversely affected by high concentrations of ammonium as a result of sod cutting. Synthesis and applications. High ammonium concentrations occur in wet heaths following sod cutting. Low rates of germination of restoration target plant species occur under such conditions. To increase the success of wet heath restoration, the accumulation of ammonium after sod cutting should be prevented by additional measures, such as liming. Because sod cutting is also applied as a restoration measure in the restoration of other ecosystems, such as fens, the effects on increased soil ammonium concentrations need further attention.