Exclosures for landscape restoration in Ethiopia: business model scenarios and suitability.
Abstract
Land degradation is a critical problem around the world. In many places, the practices associated with intensive rain-fed and irrigated crop and livestock systems have contributed to the degradation of land and natural resources. Degraded land makes it difficult for farmers to achieve the level of intensified agricultural production necessary to meet projected food demand, particularly in developing countries. Numerous institutional and socioeconomic challenges complicate attempts to reverse land degradation, including the lack of shortterm incentives for investment; low investment by communities in natural resources management that offers little immediate financial reward; failure of public sector institutions to invest sufficiently in natural resources management because of low, immediate political rewards; and sectoral fragmentation, among others. Furthermore, in poor communities, the incentive to extract short-term economic returns from land and natural resources often outweighs perceived benefits from investing in long-term environmental restoration, and related economic and ecosystem returns. Thus, investment in land and natural resource restoration requires a balance between short-term economic returns and longer-term sustainability and environmental goals. Individuals, households and communities are more likely to accept or invest in activities that enable land rehabilitation over a long period of time, if there are immediate economic incentives to invest. The complex challenge requires an integrated approach to effective, sustainable investments in land restoration that go beyond current public investments. This report proposes and applies an adapted business model to explore the feasibility of exclosures - areas that are excluded from woodcutting, grazing and agricultural activities - for land restoration. The report aims to identify short-term revenue streams from activities that can be carried out within exclosures, such as beekeeping, harvesting fodder for livestock fattening, and cultivating high-value plant species, including fruits and herbs. These are feasible, sustainable economic activities that could allow for the restoration of ecosystem services over the long term. Mobilization of financial resources, engagement of local communities, provision of training and continuous follow-up, as well as facilitation of market opportunities in the value chain for local communities and enterprises (e.g., creating market linkages and establishing innovation platform to engage with market actors) could support the sustainable implementation of the revenue streams.