Predicting the global invasion of Drosophila suzukii to improve Australian biosecurity preparedness.
Abstract
Predicting biological invasions remains a challenge to applied ecologists and limits pre-emptive management of biosecurity threats. In the last decade, spotted-wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii has emerged as an internationally significant agricultural pest as it rapidly spread across Europe and the Americas. However, the underlying drivers of its global invasion remain unstudied, while countries like Australia, presently free from D. suzukii, require robust estimates of spread and establishment potential to aid development of effective preparedness strategies. Here, we analysed the ecoclimatic and human-mediated drivers of the global invasion of D. suzukii to understand historical spread patterns and improve forecasts of future spread potential. Using a modular approach, climate-driven population dynamics were linked in space via dispersal processes to simulate spread at continental scales. Combined with biological parameters measured in laboratory studies, the spread model was parameterized and validated on international spread data. Model accuracy was high and was able to predict 83% of regional presence-absence through time in the United States and, without further model fitting, 78% of the variation in the Europe incursion. Omitting human-assisted spread from the model reduced predictability by over 20%, highlighting the large anthropogenic influence in this modern biological invasion. Economic activity (GDP) rather than human population density was more strongly associated with human-mediated spread. Simulations predicted that eastern Australian coastal regions, particularly those near major cities with high economic activity, will result in the fastest spread of D. suzukii. Synthesis and applications. Incursions of Drosophila suzukii into Australia will have significant consequences for horticultural industries with the predicted speed of spread making eradication programs extremely difficult. However, the identified areas of significant fruit production, and high environmental suitability and economic activity will form a logical means for prioritizing industry preparedness. In light of our findings, a key component of preparedness strategies will be the ability of fruit producers to rapidly transition to effective management of D. suzukii.